When decision makers consider both situations and people, the primary effect can occur. The presence of certain attributes (such as attractiveness or high energy levels) can lead us to believe that people possessing such positive qualities must also possess other positive traits. First impressions, however, can also be misleading. The constant message mothers give to their children is to make a good first impression, and evidence shows that first impressions often last a lifetime. When an initial impression is perceived to be more relevant and important than a later impression in rendering a decision, it is known as a primary influence. The workings of our subconscious have detected something about the person which triggers an emotional reaction leading to feelings of liking or disliking. Initially, we have intuitive impressions. According to the concept of “first impressions are lasting,” this type of bias arises. As a result, judgmental biases are produced. Often, incorrect decisions are made when initial impressions are assumed to have more significance and importance in the decision-making process than later impressions. People start judging based on their impressions even before knowing any of the important features. Managers who limit their evaluation of employees to a single characteristic are distorted by such impression effects. In our organization, we usually see this type of error at the time of employee selection and when evaluating employee performance. An individual is evaluated favorably or unfavorably merely on the basis of his or her individual attributes. Those who are deemed to be attractive are also generally rated as smart, those with warm dispositions are deemed to be sociable and funny, and those with intelligence are regarded as more able leaders. We are influenced by the halo effect when we believe a single characteristic is associated with a number of other desirable qualities. They are not always inaccurate, although, they probably are more often wrong than right. Among other errors of perception, halo error has the most profound/deep impact and implication on an individual’s perception and behavior. Here, a single trait dominates other characteristics of the individual. It refers to the tendency of judging the person entirely on the basis of a single trait which may be favorable or unfavorable. When a meeting is called to discuss options for a controversial work issue, employees who strongly support one side of the issue may view the meeting in a fundamentally different way. People who firmly hold onto a specific belief allow it to affect how they see a situation. We fail to see how our current beliefs conflict with the facts we gather. This is because we like to believe flattering things about ourselves. People tend to think themselves to be above average in intelligence because they are highly skilled drivers. In addition to seeing things the way we expect, we are also prone to seeing things the way we wish they were. Because our attention spans are limited, we tend to categorize things by aspects that resemble what we already know, and we save time and energy by assuming the current situation is similar to previous experience. Whenever we perceive a situation that looks familiar to us, we often interpret it in light of our past experiences. Even then, people tend to see things according to their expectations as well as according to their desires. By scanning our environment, our subconscious mind selects what seems easy to notice. It is possible for bias to occur in decision making due to a wrong interest or attitude of a decision maker, and because of the principle that “we perceive what we prefer to perceive.”.It is impossible to pay attention to everything because we are constantly inundated with sensory information. The teacher ignores the student’s poor attainment.People selectively interpret what they see based on their interests, backgrounds, experiences, and attitudes. For example, a teacher may have a favorite student because they are biased by in-group favoritism. It is the tendency not to notice and more quickly forget stimuli that cause emotional discomfort and contradict our prior beliefs. People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background experiences, and attitudes. Since we can not observe everything going on about us, we engage in selective perception.
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